7Īdvances ensued, accompanied, of course, by failures and setbacks. The first recipients of this funding included MIT, Stanford, and Carnegie Mellon. In 1963, artificial intelligence research got a financial boost as the Advanced Research Program Association (ARPA, now known as DARPA) began to fund a range of AI and computer science efforts. 5 At the same time, McCarthy began developing LISP, the first artificial intelligence programming language, and from 1958 to 1962 he implemented the language and began applying it to problems of artificial intelligence. In early 1956, two Carnegie Mellon University researchers constructed a working artificial-intelligence machine, which one of them described as “a thinking machine.” 4 That summer the Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference was held, launching the field of artificial intelligence.
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An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. 2 In 1955, John McCarthy, an assistant professor of mathematics at Dartmouth College, and three other scientists proposed a summer research project on a novel topic that they called “artificial intelligence”: The first commercial computer, UNIVAC, appeared on the market in 1950. The first electronic computer was introduced in 1940, followed the next year by the first programmable computer and then in 1944 by the first programmable American computer. A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence AI also is being used to identify relevant authorities in briefs, create nondisclosure agreements, automate the review and approval of contracts, and facilitate real estate due diligence.Īrtificial intelligence (depending on one’s definition of AI) also is used for discovery, most notably as the technology behind “predictive coding” and “technology assisted review.” AI helps to find the story in the data and to evaluate ESI to suggest key issues, confidentiality, and overall case relevance.
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Well-known applications include Pandora’s suggestions for songs you might want to hear, where “every Pandora station evolves with your tastes” the Nest Learning Thermostat, which “automatically adapts as your life and the seasons change” and Tesla cars, which, with the Model 3, now “have the hardware needed for full self-driving capability at a safety level substantially greater than that of a human driver.” Artificial intelligence is beginning to penetrate the legal world, but it still is at the “innovator” and “early adopter” stages, having not yet crossed the chasm into “early majority.” 1 An early entrant is Canadian startup Ross Intelligence, which offers a legal research tool built on top of IBM’s Watson and is being used by at least 14 law firms. That concept has morphed over time, jogged down some dead-end alleys along the way, and led to more consternation - as well as more optimistic anticipation - than is presently warranted by the reality of AI.Įxamples of various nonlegal implementations of artificial intelligence can be found all around us. The basic idea is that computers might be able to learn, and that they might be able to do things, make decisions, and exercise judgment based on what they learn. The concept of artificial intelligence was introduced in 1955. Lawyers and vendors alike are extolling AI’s virtues and touting how the use of AI will revolutionize the practice of law - or they are warning that AI is going to usher in the end of lawyers, the practice of law, and even the judiciary as we know them.Īll too often, missing from these proclamations and ruminations is any meaningful description of what AI is, where it came from, and what it is likely to mean for bench and bar at a practical level in the short to medium term. “Artificial Intelligence in the Law” should be the tagline for what’s next in legal technology, if coverage in the legal press is any guide.
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